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Written by: Favour Francis | Reviewed by: Dr Ortega Ogomigo
Introduction
You probably know someone who reminds you to check your blood pressure or go for regular health check-ups. But when was the last time someone talked to you about cervical cancer screening?
For many women in Nigeria, it’s simply not something that comes up in everyday conversations. You get busy with work, family, school, business, and everything else competing for your attention. So, if you feel healthy, it’s easy to assume there’s nothing to worry about.
What most people are unaware of is that cervical cancer often develops quietly. In its early stages, it may not cause any symptoms at all. That’s why screening is important. It helps detect changes in the cervix before they become cancer or finds the disease early, when treatment is more likely to be successful.
So, in this article, we’ll discuss:
- What cervical cancer screening is
- Who should get a cervical cancer screening
- Different types of cervical cancer screening tests
- What happens during cervical cancer screening
- Frequently Asked Questions
What is Cervical Cancer Screening?
Cervical cancer screening is a way of checking the cervix for any unusual changes that could potentially turn into something serious. It’s not done because you are sick. In fact, most women who go for screening feel completely fine.
Screening is done for the sake of prevention. Cervical cancer usually develops little by little over time, often starting with changes in the cells of the cervix caused by a common virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). These changes can take years to develop into cancer, which is why screening is so powerful. It catches things early, when they are still easy to manage or even reverse.
This is important because many women only find out when the disease is already advanced. Globally, cervical cancer remains one of the leading cancers affecting women, and in countries like Nigeria, late diagnosis is still common due to low screening rates and limited awareness.
The encouraging part is that most cervical cancer cases can be prevented with regular screening and early treatment of abnormal cells.
Who Should Get Cervical Cancer Screening?
Cervical cancer screening isn’t something reserved for a specific “type” of woman. It’s based more on risk factors, age, and medical history than on how you feel day-to-day.
It is medically advised to get tested if you are:
A Woman Aged 30 years and Above
For most women in the general population, routine screening is recommended from age 30 (every 5 – 10 years). This is because persistent HPV-related changes that can lead to cervical cancer are more likely to show up over time rather than early in life.
A Woman Living With HIV
Women living with HIV need to start screening earlier, preferably at age 25, and do it more often (every 3-5 years). This is because the immune system may not clear HPV infections as effectively, increasing the chance of persistent changes.
A Woman Who Has Ever Been Sexually Active
Screening becomes relevant once there has been any sexual exposure, since HPV is commonly transmitted through sexual contact. Even if it happened years ago, it still matters in terms of long-term risk.
A Woman with No Symptoms
Absence of symptoms does not equal absence of risk. Cervical changes often occur without you even knowing, which is exactly why screening is recommended before it becomes too late.
A Woman Who Has Received the HPV Vaccine
Yes, vaccination reduces risk significantly, but it doesn’t eliminate it. Some high-risk HPV types are not covered by the vaccine, so screening is still part of long-term protection.
What Types of Cervical Cancer Screening Tests Are Available?
Not every hospital or clinic uses the same screening test, so don’t be surprised if a friend tells you she had a different experience from yours. The type of test offered often depends on the facility, available equipment, your age, medical history, and national screening guidelines.
Here are the three main screening methods you may come across:
HPV Test
An HPV (Human Papillomavirus) test checks for the presence of high-risk types of HPV, the virus responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), almost all cervical cancer cases are linked to persistent infection with high-risk HPV. Because it looks for the virus before it causes abnormal cell changes, the HPV test is considered the preferred screening method by the WHO for many women.
Pap Smear (Pap Test)
A Pap smear checks the cells of the cervix for any abnormal changes that could develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. It doesn’t test for the HPV virus itself. Instead, it looks for changes in the cervical cells that may have been caused by HPV or other factors. If abnormal cells are found, your healthcare provider may recommend further tests or treatment to prevent those changes from progressing.
Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA)
VIA is a simple screening method that is widely used in resource-limited areas. During the test, a healthcare provider applies a diluted acetic acid solution (similar to vinegar) to the cervix. If certain areas turn white, it may indicate abnormal changes that need further evaluation or treatment. One advantage of VIA is that the results are available immediately, making it especially useful in settings where laboratory testing isn’t readily available.
What Happens During Cervical Cancer Screening?
If you’ve never had a cervical cancer screening before, it’s completely normal to wonder what the experience is like. Many women feel nervous because they don’t know what to expect.
It helps to know that the screening itself is usually quick and straightforward. In many cases, the entire appointment takes just a few minutes.
Here’s what typically happens:
- You’ll be asked to lie on an examination bed. You’ll rest on your back with your knees bent and your feet placed comfortably apart. A healthcare provider will explain each step before the screening begins.
- A speculum is gently inserted into the vagina. A speculum is a small medical instrument that helps the healthcare provider see the cervix more clearly. You may feel some pressure, but it shouldn’t be forced or rushed.
- A sample is collected. Depending on the type of screening, the healthcare provider will use a small, soft brush or swab to collect a few cells from the cervix. This usually takes only a few seconds.
- If you’re having a Pap smear or HPV test, the sample is sent to a laboratory, where it’s checked for abnormal cells or the presence of high-risk HPV. In some facilities, another screening method called Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) provides results immediately without sending a sample to a lab.
- Once the screening is over, you can usually go back to work, school, or your daily routine. There is no recovery time needed for most women.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Does the cervical cancer screening process hurt?
This is one of the most common questions women ask.
Cervical cancer screening is not painful, though it can feel a little uncomfortable. You may notice a bit of pressure when the speculum is inserted or a brief cramping sensation when the sample is collected. These feelings usually last only a few seconds. If you feel significant pain at any point, let your healthcare provider know immediately. They can adjust the procedure or explain what’s happening to help make you more comfortable.
A helpful tip is to try to relax your pelvic muscles and take slow breaths during the procedure. This can make the screening more comfortable.
Can virgins get cervical cancer?
Yes, although the risk is generally lower.
Most cervical cancer cases are caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is commonly spread through sexual contact. However, HPV can sometimes be transmitted through other forms of intimate skin-to-skin genital contact. While cervical cancer is less common in women who have never been sexually active, it’s not impossible.
If you’re unsure whether you should be screened, speak with your healthcare provider. They can advise you based on your age, medical history, and individual risk factors.
Can I do cervical cancer screening during my period?
It’s best to schedule your screening when you’re not on your period. Menstrual blood can sometimes make it harder to interpret the results accurately. If your appointment falls during your period, don’t cancel it on your own. Call the clinic first, and they’ll let you know whether you should still come in or reschedule.
Is cervical cancer screening safe during pregnancy?
Yes, cervical cancer screening can be safe during pregnancy when your healthcare provider recommends it. If you’re due for routine screening or have never been screened before, your doctor will decide whether it’s appropriate based on your stage of pregnancy and your medical history. Always let your healthcare provider know if you’re pregnant before the screening begins.
Can I get screened after menopause?
Absolutely.
Your need for screening doesn’t automatically end after menopause. Depending on your age, previous screening results, and medical history, your healthcare provider may still recommend regular screening. If you’ve had abnormal results in the past or have never been screened, it’s especially important to discuss this with your doctor.
How much does cervical cancer screening cost in Nigeria?
There isn’t a fixed price across the country.
The cost depends on several factors, including the type of screening test, the hospital or clinic, and the state where you receive care. In some cases, screening may also be offered free of charge during government or non-governmental awareness campaigns.
If cost is a concern, ask your local healthcare facility about available screening programmes or upcoming community outreach events.
From the Desk of Koyo Doctors
Taking care of yourself isn’t always easy. As we often manage the many demands of everyday life, it’s common to put our own health on the back burner. But making time for preventive care is one of the best investments you can make in your future.
If you’ve been thinking about cervical cancer screening but weren’t sure whether it was necessary or what to expect, we hope this guide has answered your questions and eased some of your concerns.
At Koyo, we’re committed to helping you make informed decisions about your well-being.
Sources
Rayner, M., Welp, A., Stoler, M. H., & Cantrell, L. A. (2023). Cervical Cancer Screening Recommendations: Now and for the Future. Healthcare, 11(16), 2273–2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162273
World Health Organization. (2022). Cervical Cancer. World Health Organization; World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer
World Health Organization. (2024, March 5). Cervical Cancer. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
